The Word, According to Jim

Mr. Haus is ready to go for a walk and he isn’t afraid to get in your face to get his way being a little over 200lbs.

If you are reading this for the first time and recommended to you from a friend, you might alert your friends that a very important update is added 3-25-2024 near the end.

Most folks would not think twice about answering yes to, “Would you try to preserve mankind on earth and maybe prevent 2 billion people from an ugly death?”  But if the destructive event isn’t going to happen for 200 years, would you have any sense of urgency?  How might you answer if it was explained that the potential solutions may take hundreds of years to perfect?

We know that asteroids hit earth in unpredictable time cycles and that each asteroid is a new problem in of itself which makes it impossible to plan some type of prevention. However, we do know that the earth axial tilt angle changes each year a small percent of the overall angle change of 2.4 degrees on average over a period of around 20,625 years when it reverses for the next 20,625 years in the opposite direction.  But even this cycle can vary by a thousand years or more, so it would be a bit hard to plan ahead. However, this event alone should signal to us that something major rhythmical is happening to earth on a very cyclical basis and on a very long period of time.

Some folks at JPL (Jet Propulsion Lab) have indicated there is something out in or around the Oort Cloud which appears to have a mass at least 25 times earth that is rearranging the nearby furniture in a relatively small zone. The bodies out there are far from the sun and the reflected light is quite weak even to the Hubble Telescope, so anything not making its own light is hard to find.

Now begins the Word. There is something of major size that arranges the planets in the solar system on a 575.5-year cycle with the double cycle of 1151 years being the easiest to discover. The mathematical equations that accurately describe the planet orbits are at least 5 to 6 terms in a complex equation… too complex for most non-mathematicians and non-astrophysicists to get a grip on. To make things a little less complex for talking to the common native, the astronomers have come up with a sort of standard time and distance called the “epoch” and the one used herein is called the “2000 epoch” which is the result of serious calculations for the year 2000 AD.  The data below in the first column C on the left is the orbital time periods for the planets taken from the 2000 epoch with the data slightly modified to set earth exactly equal to 1 instead of 0.9999xxxx. This has no significant mathematical influence on the results. The non-technical person should spend time seriously looking at this chart.  It is previously undiscovered information.

 One can see in the second column D that the number 1151 is divided by the planet time period in column C and that these numbers are all quite close to an integer, the solid inner planets being more precise.  In column E one can see what the rounded integer would be.

To an experienced mathematician this suggests that the planet orrery (2-dimensional planet layout) might repeat on a 1151-year cycle and it does. The JPL folks have a DEC Computer developed system “Horizons” that calculates all types of complex details about each planet but is far too unfriendly for the average reader even with serious computer experience. There is, however, a much simpler program called “Hplanet” written by John Walker, ACAD founder, and the source code provided on the internet.  But even this much simplified software is still too difficult for most readers without good working knowledge of astronomy.  So, the average reader will just have to accept for now that it was used professionally herein to gain the data and images that follow. There is nothing in this paper that depends on the data from Hplanet.  It is just a stepping stone to far more simple conclusions.  But it will assist the professional scientists in continuing the read.

In the image below the planets are labeled in the colors that Hplanet uses in the orrery and are shown in equal increments so the labels have clarity and not all clustered together as they would be in log or real mode. In the images further below, one must remember that for this paper the times are selected so that earth is either straight up from the sun, or straight down during a solstice.  This results from the astronomy standardization using up as the summer solstice (June 20) and down as the winter solstice (Dec 20). The precise actual solstice is plus or minus a day or so from the 20^th.

In the image below in real mode one can import the image into ACAD and actually measure in simple angles how the outer planets progress on 1151-year cycles. Note the top three images are on the winter solstice and the bottom three are on the summer solstice. One can click on the image, copy and paste into some photo software to enlarge it so the angles can be read. They are not important to understanding the message. The important issue is how similar the arrangements are on a 1151-year cycle.

 Note how Neptune is very nearly in the same position on 1151-year intervals.  Also, Jupiter is passing thru an important zone relative to earth in the bottom three images.

The simple key to understand the “Word” has nothing to do with these highly technical revelations.  One just needs to take a healthy dose of common-sense capable of a serious sixth grade student.

What makes a “Great Comet” great?  Hale-Bopp went in clear view of earth in the 1990s and even though almost everybody had cameras, not much general interest was exercised by the earth community….and that’s with six billion people on earth at the time. Hale-Bopp at my location had a head about the size slightly larger than the star Sirius.  It had two tails streaking out about at an angle of 45 degrees.  A major ho-hum event.

There is one great comet that was more widely painted than any other and that is the “Great Comet of 1680”. In that era, painters tried to make their painting as representative of what actually happened as they could.  When cameras came along centuries later, the painters switched into the modern mode of making the painting artistically based, sometimes distorting major elements to give them accent.

Some of the paintings of C1680 are so precise that the painter specific location can be found now on Google Earth imaging.  Specific high church steeples, multi-building roof lines and even windows are very precise. In Germany, one such painting along the river can be found exactly and another found near a small lake with people, moon and sunrise all very well defined. It helped in the discovery that the name of the town was in the title of the painting.

One very specific feature for the common reader is the size of the moon relative to the head of C1680. Likely most readers will know that the size of the moon and the apparent size of the sun are almost identical as reflected in the eclipse of the sun. A major percent of readers knows this is because the moon is much closer to earth than the sun. Details are several pages below.

What could it mean that multiple painters made the head of C1680 approximately the same size as the moon? When you think about it, to be a great comet, it needs to be something spectacular in the sky.  After all, there are billions of stars and planets ranging just less than Sirius down to planet Mercury.  Anything in that size range would not be spectacular, or labeled “great”.

One thing is absolutely not disputed by any observational data. C 1680 was a sun grazing comet, meaning it passed very near the sun. How would the general population know that? Even in older times, it was known you should not look directly at the sun with the naked eyes.  There were many methods available and still used in modern times whereby a simple pane of glass was smoked with light colored smoke which would allow the viewer to look directly at the sun with the unaided eye.  Usually then and now people use the smoked glass to cast an image on a piece of paper and view the image indirectly on the paper.  This further allows the viewer to make dots on the paper which then allows the connecting of dots with circles to capture the total image and relative sizes.

As the comet approaches 90 degrees before or after perigee, the head of the comet, the sun and tail are clearly visible on the paper.  In the approach to the sun, the comet being primarily enlightened by the sun, would appear to be a semi-circle shape like a quarter moon when it is at the 90-degree position.  The back half would be darker even if somewhat clouded by the tail emitted from the sunny side of the comet head.

Depending on how fast the comet head might be rotating, the exiting 90-degree image might be hot and bright enough over a large portion of the comet head, but clearly different from the approach. But in the case of C1680, we know exactly from the writing of Father Kino what happens as the comet goes around the sun. The observations of Father Kino will be covered below in the review of his book published in 1681.

The news media around the world, including newly founded America, have hundreds of articles surviving in archives.  Unfortunately, many of these reflect the opinions of the writers and are not supportive of each other. But even in their errors, there is something worthwhile to our current understanding.

As C1680 approaches the sun overhead from about a 60 angle between the plane of the comet and the ecliptic (earth/sun plane) and passes thru perihelion between sun and earth, the tail fogs (smokes according to Father Kino) the view and many dozens of casual observers thought it disappeared into the sun and the observations seen later was thought to be a second comet heading back out into space below the centerline of the sun. This was clearly discussed by Father Kino and many other technical folks like Newton and Halley and was determined to be a single comet.

Therefore, we can now say that all observations support that C1680 was a sun grazing comet approaching the sun from the opposite side of the earth and then after grazing the sun, moving out away from the sun again on the opposite side of the sun from the earth.  That means that the comet was never significantly closer to earth than the sun and therefore its size is comparable to the sun, not the moon.

Even in modern day eighth grade science we teach that the earth is about 8000 miles in diameter compared to the moon at roughly 2000 miles and the sun at 864,000 miles in diameter.  This means the earth is 4 times as big as the moon and the sun is over 100 times the size of the earth. The meaning here and in the previous paragraph indicates that C1680 was far bigger than the earth. In the words of Father Kino, “many times the size of earth”.

Using modern day eighth grade science, the earth would appear to be 1/100^th the size of the sun if it were circling the sun where C1680 did.  If we use simple observational techniques available to anyone, we can stand at say a glass sliding door and observe the full moon and place a ruler on the glass to measure the apparent size of the moon at say arm’s length on the glass.  Most people will find this to be about .3 of an inch in diameter (0.3 inch).  If we were to make a small dot 0.3 / 100 = .003 inch next to the sun circle representing earth, it would appear to be about the cross-sectional size of a human hair.  That image would be hardly visible, let alone spectacular or great.

So now the typical reader doesn’t need any technical background to realize that C1680 was far from a typical comet.  In fact, it is far from anything most readers have ever heard of.  It is a brown star and can be read in detail in Wikipedia if one can handle the technical garble that comes with it.

The image below is repeated further in this paper but shown here to give a graphical perspective. The earth is shown tiny on the left in yellow, then the moon in red and the sun on the right in blue. Because of the huge distance from earth to sun, a split plane is shown in lavender dashed lines.  The earth is also shown in yellow on the sun to show how small it would appear if seen at the sun’s distance. Obviously, an earth sized object at the sun would not be a spectacular event, or “great”.  It likely would have been missed by anyone without a telescope.

The Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) Horizons computer system (DEC 200 mainframe years ago) allows the user to calculate almost anything to do with daily planet data.  However, I found the system in 2019 to be very unfriendly and nonsensible to minor typing errors.  Finding a simple composite orrery output seemed out of the question from JPL.

John Walker, founder of ACAD products, produced and placed online even with access to the source code software (Hplanet) that does produce a good planetary layout using only the universal time setting even centuries into the future or centuries into the past (negative time for that software).  It has a limitation of a few thousand years and so the data for hundreds of thousands of years is not currently readily available to me.

In the composite image below from Hplanet one can see all the inner rocky planets are almost exactly alike on a 1151 cycle referencing the 1680 winter solstice.  Neptune and Jupiter are also quite similar. Neptune is out closer to the Comet 1680 initial incoming trajectory so it has more influence than some on the initial Comet 1680 trajectory.  Jupiter seems to be in line with the approach to the sun and so it can have an influence on a longer cycle.

Saturn is the wildcard and seems to be in position in 2256 to offer more influence on an outward-bound path than it normally would in the time period investigated.

Comet 1680 Size

In the paintings below, one can see in order for it to be “The Great Comet of 1680” it had to be pretty spectacular  One can see in the paintings from the moon and the Orion Belt star spacing that Comet 1680 was huge; particularly considering it came from the opposite side of the sun from earth and the head never was seriously closer to earth than the sun.  That would make it closer to the size of the sun than to the moon.  However, many comets have a swelling of the head called the coma which can be several times the size of the head.  This differential can only be seen by the emergence of the tail which comes primarily from the head.

 In 1680 painters made a living off selling artwork that was frequently very precisely representative of what really existed.  In the images above one can see that the Ulm Ministries in Ulm, Germany, is the location of the painter and the painting is quite precise in regards to neighboring building and even windows, especially compared to recent Google Images which can be shaped to fit the exact angle of the painting.

In the top left painting, one can see the Orion Constellation and the angle of the stars is quite accurate. In the middle painting, one can see the crescent moon is roughly the size of the head of the comet even though the moon is much closer.

The image below reveals more about the comet than one might suspect.  Note the Danube River in foreground and the Ulm Ministries in the background left bottom.  The river is making the correct bend for the position of the artist. That is about the only really tall steeple in existence in 1680. The moon top left is shown properly in the slight crescent shape as it would have to be at the time of the pictorial circumstances. 

 The widening towards the top of the painting indicates the comet is maybe about a day from perihelion and the tail will point pretty directly at earth. This quite precisely establishes the time due to the moon crescent very near to the “dark of the moon” period of its cycle.  The bright yellow curvature near ground level is not the sun itself, but the glaze it makes in the atmosphere just before rising or setting.  This image would be available to the artist only a few hours before becoming too dark or too bright. But the comet portion of the painting is not all that time consuming to paint.  Notice the area adjoining the river is enlightened probably brighter than a normal full moon.

There is one very important feature highlighted in the paintings.  Comet 1680 appeared yellow in color rather than the typical white tail with some blue streaks.  The visible range of radiation is a very narrow band and yellow is a very narrow portion of the visible range.  Some street lights give off a yellowish light because of the heating of sodium chloride.

The partial image below from Getty Images shows another artist conception of the Comet 1680 approaching the sun perhaps a few days before perihelion. This is the only image found that shows the head of the comet to be in the range of the diameter of the sun independent of the earth’s moon correlation. This is a black and white photo of a colored painting of unknown colors until it can be found. The colored circles were added to highlight the head versus the sun.

Current photos of the sun show complex eruptions which would be too difficult to paint and so the artist simply painted representative streaks on a uniform basis.

Since the comet was thought by Newton to be moving at 88,000 mph and the sun is 864,000 miles in diameter, the approximate ten hours of observation were severely limited and some portion of that period could have been when the sun was dark from the artist side of the earth.

The sun and comet would show up on a blank sheet of paper as bright areas when penetrating a smoked glass.  The artist could then draw on the paper the approximate diameter of the sun, comet head and tail.  The curvature looks very real including the rhythmic smooth places regularly in the tail. These are likely related to some type of rotational and perhaps magnetic anomalies in the forces generating the tail.

The double image below shows a painting on the left comparing Comet 1680 head (green) to the longer leg of Orion while the modern photo on the right compares Orion long leg to the earth’s moon.  The comparison indicates the Comet diameter to be about 84.6 percent of the moon.  The Comet is at the distance of the sun while the moon is much closer but shows equal to the diameter of the sun during an eclipse.  Therefore, the Comet might be roughly 84.6% of the diameter of the sun from this painting.  However, note that the emergence of the tail near the head is much smaller than the green circle maybe indicating some type of coma effect.

 

A young Italian priest, Father Francisco Kino, was being assigned to “New Spain”, the name then for America, in particular Southwest USA now, and he missed his boat.  As it turned out, he had a difficult time catching a suitable boat, having passed up some boats that were picking up slaves along the way in Western Africa. The first boat he was on hit something and had to go back.  Finally, around January 16, 1681 he departed on the 90-day trip. It is likely during his voyage he had plenty of opportunities to view the comet out on the sea at night as it remained visible well into February.

The waiting in Cadiz, Spain for nearly a year, because he was sent by the Pope’s cabinet, he had access to a telescope and library and was considered an educated astronomer and mathematician.  His publication in Spanish, “Astronomical explan…..” reveals he was well aware of the sunspots and that they had seriously diminished at the time of the appearance of Comet 1680, the Maunder Minimum discussed in detail below in the appendix.

It is abundantly clear that Father Kino was a trained observer and knew that Comet 1680 was a very special event.  If he could see the sunspots, he could see the size of Comet 1680 relative to the sun. Below is the translation of the sunspot reference:

como manchas,ó lunares que de ordinario fe ven  en el Sol

as spots, or moles that ordinarily see in the Sun

In the quotation below and elsewhere, Father Kino makes reference to the huge size of Comet 1680 and its huge tail. 

Page 34

y confia de no pocos diámetros de ¡a tierra

and with confidence not a few diameters of the earth

page 35

On page 35 he references the work of Tyco Brahe, a Dutch astronomer known for his precise observations.  In his work, he notes there had never been anything before at whatever distance that rivaled the moon in size and brightness. This also shows how he let the Italian language creep in when he couldn’t recall the word in Spanish. It also shows the word “contra” in the viewed page but when it is highlighted, gets changed to something else(conrea) that is not a word in any of the three languages.  MS Word must have a problem with that particular font, likely some typesetting used when the book was printed.

Also, in the Dutch astronomer name, it is run together like lots of things but there is a hint that it should be parsed at the capital “B”.  No words have a capital in the middle of their length.

que conftituyen todos los Cometas inferiores á la Luna, fino también contra (conrea) TicoBrahe,

which accounts all the Comets inferior to the Moon, find also against Tyco Brahe (Dutch astronomer known for precision that lived before Father Kino)

conti thun Italian for accounts

que íu diametrofueííede tres minutos délos primeros de yn grado de fu cielo^igualmente el mifm diámetro del Co¬ meta buviera íidode mil i cinco leguas

that its diameter was three minutes from the first of a degree of heaven, likewise the same diameter of the Comet would have been one thousand and five leagues (4.2 miles)

pg 49

mi mitos de los primeros han de correrponder 670 leguas, y vn tercio,que fumarán el diámetro detodo el cuerpo, ó c abéza del Cometa,

My myths of the first must correspond to 670 leagues, and a third, which will smoke the diameter of the entire body, or head of the Comet.

There is ample discussion of how he knew that the size of the moon differs from the sun because of the great difference in distance between the two.

In one particular area he references the “deluge of the tail upon the moon” which may indicate that part of the tail reached from the sun to the moon, some 90 million miles. News accounts of the era indicated the tail had to be much greater than 30 million miles.

In several locations Father Kino makes it clear he is a well-trained astronomer and familiar with many other comets including Comets 1664 and 1677.  The latter seemed to bring a lot of fear to the people so they were already primed for fear when Comet 1680 arrived a few years later.

In doing this type of translation, there is a lot of tedious back and forth until one finds something that makes sense.  Fortunately, as the known Spanish words are parsed off and only the unknown is left the Bing Translator indicates “try Italian” or “Try English”.  When “TicoBrahe” was entered into Bing general search, the Artificial Intelligence in the translator was smart enough to check for the parsed word and misspelling.  A modern-day human translator might not be able to do that easily.

The image below provides the necessary info to find the Father Kino document on the archive.org.

 

How can one not have some faith in the overwhelming consistency of artistic efforts?  Why didn’t some responsible scientist do exactly what was done here and get a more realistic estimate of the size of Comet 1680?  They didn’t need Google Earth…they could just look out their windows in Ulm.  The answer, of course, is they didn’t want to do anything to rock the boat with the church initially, after all it had only been a few years since the church threw Galileo in jail.  Later it was just a bureaucratic stubbornness still with us today.

Obviously, something the mass of Comet 1680 is going to rearrange the furniture in the solar system, perhaps on many different cycles, some maybe millions of years. The idea that the solar system is how it has always been is simply silly.

The Fog of Early Astronomy

In the modern day, technical discoveries are almost instantly known throughout the entire world.  Even in the early 1900s scientific revelations were quickly distributed via the telegraph, even across the Atlantic Ocean.  But in 1680, the fastest transfer of information was done at the speed of the horse, discounting homing pigeons.  The primary accumulator of scientific data was the Catholic Church as many universities were funded ultimately by grants from the church, including Newton. But further to that, we now know far more about Newton, Kepler, Halley and others because of historians digging up love letters, letters to friends and to associates centuries after they happened.  It now all fits together in a nicely organized historical puzzle but that was far from the case even into the 1800s.

Father Kino directly references the work of Tycho Brahe but only decades after it was assembled.  Newton references the efforts of Father Kino but only 6 years after publication in northern Mexico. One must keep solidly in the back of the mind, Galileo suffered greatly at the hands of the church because he tried to push his observations before the church had sluggishly abandoned long held views. To a degree, that still happens today though the church has been replaced by long held views and well-funded mainstream science.

One example is the views of Titius-Bode covered in a modern article in Wikipedia. When the simple mathematical relationship was first issued, the Catholic Church jumped on it as “proof God created the solar system”.  Science didn’t want to go there, so they invented a pseudo-scientific argument that the Bode theory was fallacious because Neptune didn’t obey the obviously correct observation pertinent to all the rest of the planets between Neptune and the sun, including the asteroid Ceres. Any serious mathematician knows that if you have 7 data points fitting a curve, the fact that the eighth is amiss likely means something different is happening on the eighth.  In this case that happens to be the Kuiper Belt which wasn’t really discovered until space probes began to get in the vicinity. Strangely cynical, it turns out if Neptune, Pluto and three other dwarf planets near Pluto are averaged together, they fit on the Titius-Bode curve just fine.

Kepler came up with his sun centered theory of the solar system around 1609 to 1620 AD.  How widely it was known maybe was quite small until far after his death but would have been used by Newton in his publication on gravitational laws. Below one can see from Newton’s writings much after comet 1680 that Newton was still quite religiously influenced but also quite influenced by his observations of the Great Comet of 1680.

It is said by many that Comet 1680 passed the sun within 1/6^th the diameter of the sun.  As mention earlier, smoked glass images would have shown the sun as a bright circle and the adjacent C1680 as a half bright crescent but with some certainty to the diameter of the head. The Newton quote below from the link indicates Newton was well aware of the size and the impact Comet 1680 might have on a collision with the sun.

https://www.gwern.net/Newton#

…there was a sort of revolution in the heavenly bodies that the vapours & light emitted by the sun which had their sediment as water & other matter had gathered themselves by degrees into a body & attracted more matter from the planets & at last made a secondary planet (viz. one of those that go round another planet) & then by gathering to them & attracting more matter became a primary planet, & then by increasing still became a comet which after certain revolutions by coming nearer & nearer the sun had all its volatile parts condensed & became a matter fit to recruit & replenish the sun…as a fagot (bundle of kindling) would this fire if put into it…

…that would probably be the effect of the comet in 1680 sooner or later…perhaps have 5 or 6 revolutions more first, but whenever it did it would so much increase the heat of the sun that this earth would be burnt & no animals in this earth could live.¹

…He seemed to doubt whether there were not intelligent beings superior to us who superintended these revolutions of the heavenly bodies by the direction of the supreme being—

He seemed to be very clearly of opinion that the inhabitants of this earth were of a short date & alleged as one reason for that opinion that all arts as letters long ships printing—needle &c² were discovered within the memory of History which could not have happened if the world had been eternal

…when I asked him how this earth could have been repeopled if ever it had undergone the same fate it was threatened with hereafter by the Comet of 1680, he answered that required the power of a creator—

…[I] told him I thought he owned there what we had been talking about—viz. that the Comet would drop into the sun, & that fixed stars were recruited & replenished by Comets when they Dropt into them, & consequently the sun would be recruited too & asked him, why he would not own as freely what he thought of the sun as well as what he thought of the fixed stars—he said that concerned us more, & laughing added he had said enough for people to know his meaning— (end of Newton quote)

This type of argument greatly influenced the church going public and they gradually began to wonder why they were paying money to the church if earth’s ending was inevitable according to their most celebrated scientist, Newton. The church began searching for some way to make C1680 a non-event in practical terms.

About 100 years later the opportunity arose by a man named Encke, the son of a Catholic Priest somewhat experienced in astronomy and mathematics sufficiently to convince others that his theory was the correct one.  He was richly rewarded for his efforts with a title and compensation from the church.  The late Brian Marsden bought into the Encke theory because it really was all that had survived the test of time. This data in the JPL Horizon Program shows the semi-axis at near 900 AU and some 9000-year period.  In my email exchange with JPL webmasters, they have little confidence in this data. The current search for the mysterious Planet X or Planet 10 by other JPL folks is far inside that data. And as mentioned earlier, Newton, Halley and others thought the period was 575 years based on known comet sightings from the past 2000 years.

The Problem with Earlier Sightings

In the image above showing the Planet arrangements on 1151-year intervals for both winter and summer solstices, one can see the importance of the 575.5-year cycle.  The 0.5-year portion causes the pattern to bunch most of the planets on the upside (in the image) for winter and on the bottom side for summer. Since the comet is always coming from the bottom, it makes the pass near earth extremely important in summer compared to the 1680 approach in winter.  Whereas the comet in 1680 was never closer to earth than the sun to earth distance, in summer it would have been, and will be, only perhaps a half million miles or so from earth making it appear to be huge in the sky, perhaps closer to the artist rendition below.

Is there evidence that this type of appearance has ever happened? One problem during a summer visit is that the speed of the C1680 was so great that it didn’t last long as a comet and a cloudy day could routinely shield the head from view.  The tail would have been visible for many days but without the head, it would have appeared to be something like northern lights. However, since it is a brown star, there is serious doubt what it might have looked like and just how visible it may have been prior to passing near to earth.

The Saturn Myth

David Talbott has spent a huge effort researching pictographs around the world and has found one pattern particularly repetitive and relatable to plasma discharge patterns.  He has teamed up with Wal Thornhill to formulate a cosmic theory emphasizing electric forces rather than so heavily dominated by gravity as our mainstream theory has evolved.

The outer planets from Jupiter to Neptune all have rings and recent theories suggest there are gravitational effects that might cause that with a large body.  Just because some pictographs appear to show something like Saturn, doesn’t mean that earth used to orbit Saturn.  It means something appeared in the sky that had the appearance of Saturn at that moment. Perhaps any large body passing near earth would look that way on occasion.

In the artistic image below and many similar artistic renditions “hugeness is the order of the day”. The dominating factor is that this image must have appeared in the sky in order for it to have been seen by people all over the earth. In the image below one can see the overall image is many times the size of the moon.  The bright eight-point figure is typical of direct glare and is likely an artist conception of the optical attributes of a bright light in a particular atmosphere perhaps with enhanced water vapor.

 

Given our earlier sizes of 8000 miles for earth, 2000 miles for the moon and 864,000 miles for the sun, it is very likely C1680 would appear extremely large on the summer solstice pass in -46 BC and 1105 AD.

If the Comet 1680 is actually a dwarf star, it should be far denser than the sun or rocky planets, making it very heavy, perhaps even heavier than the sun.  For something that heavy and flying within 1/6^th diameter of the sun’s surface, it would need to be traveling at a tremendous speed and be in perfect balance of gravitational and centripetal forces. 

There is a simple orbital mechanic equation for sungrazing comets relating the period of the orbit (575.5 years), the mass of the comet, the semi-major axis and of course the mass of the sun and diameter of the sun.  Not nearly enough data was available to Newton to make a precise calculation, particularly the mass and diameter of the sun at that time. However, knowing it passed about 1/6^th the diameter of the sun helps some and also the time it took to go around the sun at that distance.

In the summer solstice passing (e.g. 2256 AD), as soon as C1680 passes the earth incoming it would likely block out most of the sun and observers would mostly see the dark side of the comet and that only thru the gigantic tail of unknown particles.  It is highly questionable whether observers would know what happened to the body and how a long-lasting eclipse of the sun showed up. Therefore, it is not surprising that the observations of the summer solstice approach would be much different from the winter 1680 approach.

One can see that natives of the much earlier times would be in total awe of the occurrence and would be motivated to make cave paintings all over the earth over a period of tens of thousands of years that Talbot is reporting in his research. While the paintings are not as artistic as the rendition above, they clearly represent something of that magnitude in the sky.

The Star of Bethlehem?

There are numerous postings on the internet indicating that the Star of Bethlehem could not have been a comet because the earth rotation would make it pass above like all stars and planets and never point to anything in the west of the beginning of the wise men journey from western Iran to Bethlehem. This is so fallacious it is hard to know where to start in its condemnation.  It almost seems like the proponents wanted to end up in the paradox where they did, suggesting the only theory that works is for there to be something like a UFO that hovers over Bethlehem.

In fact, a comet like C1680 is the most likely astronomical event that can point considering its head and tail. Any sungrazer comet will always point towards the sun.  The only time earth observers precisely know the location of both the sun and earth are at sunrise and sunset where the observer is looking straight down the axial line connecting each of them.

If one examines the Planet orrery during a winter solstice event (like 1680), one can see the sun gets in the way of observing the comet until it is relatively close to say the orbit of Mars.  That is why it was not observed until the middle of November 1680 and was out of sight in February of 1681.  When the comet comes during a summer solstice event, the sun is out of the way beyond earth in the comet approach and departure. This means the comet flyby is horrendously huge even though a bit short because of the speed.  However, with the long tail, the sighting is prolonged but hardly relatable to a comet type sighting. It might more closely resemble the northern lights.

Unless God chose to imprint a message in the wisemen’s wisdom, they would not likely proceed west while all the major activity was happening.  Remember this is a summer solstice, hardly Christmas time.  C1680 would have to pass around the sun and be heading on out towards Mars before it begins to look more like a standard comet.  After getting out far enough, the tail might be mostly “smoked according to Father Kino” by the coma around the head which has then been heated to temperatures approaching the sun’s surface. However, since this is not a comet made of snow, ice and dust, there is no good guess at what the material coming off the head would be made up from.

If one has three dimensional say ACAD software, a 3-D model can be created and reference point observing placed on the surface of the earth.  This type of endeavor is far too complicated for the average reader. But rest assured, that wherever the comet is in the sky, the head and tail will be pointing to the sun.  And since the earth rotates from east to west, the sun will always be to the west during sunrise. After sunset if the comet is visible it will be pointing back at the observer for the short time it is visible during the summer solstice event.

Considering C1680 will be doing most of its deacceleration during the immediate departure from the sun, the speed out near Mars will be much reduced from the speed near the sun.  There is nothing else of significance to slow it down for hundreds of AU. This allows the wisemen to finally decide they can venture a safe trip to Bethlehem which may be much closer to now celebrated birth of Jesus in December.

Something the size of C1680 is going to attract other objects as it passes thru the solar system, particularly the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt, so there likely are other comets that could have followed along afterwards and they could have been the Star of Bethlehem…but…still behaving like a comet with head and tail for pointing.

Caesar’s Comet

In the Wikipedia article on this topic the late Brian Marsden suggests one consideration is that the topic never happened.  The reporting is so blatantly a propaganda event for the passing of Caesar that many question if it ever happened at all. The pertinent info to this report is that it was stated as happening in -44 BC, in May 18^th near the summer solstice in the following month, a period of 575 years and was a sungrazing event.

If the passing of C1680 in the summer solstice of -46BC was still actively in the memory of most educated folks of the times, it seems natural that it would be selected as a means to celebrate the passing of Caesar a couple years later. There may be a pretty small probability that the Star of Bethlehem would be connected to Caesar in those times. But it seems pretty coincidental that the Caesar event was in the proper time of year, proper period and at least very near the C1680 known passing in that era. The inescapable fact is that something major happened in and around -46 BC.

Future Implications of C1680 on Earth

The image below is for the apogee of C1680 in the year 1968 about September 20^th. It shows a striking arrangement for influencing C1680 when it matters the most to the coming trajectory in 2256 AD. Even at the huge distances involved, obviously the source of initial acceleration will be skewed to the left in the image since the planets are all strung out that way. One must keep in mind that not only are the planets skewed left, but they in turn suck the fluid portion of the sun in that direction. We currently detect planets in other solar systems by the wobble in the star center due to the planetary orbits.

In the image below 1151 years prior to the above image, one can see the planetary positions are much more centrally located.  This might not only impact the direction but also the initial speed of C1680. Remember, the comet has 575.5 / 2 years to assimilate these initial forces at apogee.

 

Comet 1680 Impact on Earth Axial Tilt

 

Planet Organization via Axial Tilt

In a paper authored by A. L. Berger in Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1976, the background for the image below is discussed in detail.  Data from all the planets thought to impact earth’s axial tilt cycle were included by the Berger effort.  The theory being that the motion of the planets actually caused the slow change of angle and then the abrupt change in direction occurring fairly regularly every 20,500 years on average.

One can easily see that the greater the angle of change, the sooner the cycle was completed yielding tall, slender peaks and otherwise short wider peaks. An elaborate mathematical equation was developed by Berger to make each point along the curves representative and not requiring any smoothing to make straight lines.

The image above started with importing the Berger diagram into ACAD and some very precise construction lines added, many not shown for clarity.  The short length of lines shown in alternate colors towards the bottom, represent the time between half cycles, or one reversal.  A complete cycle would be the sum of two the adjacent horizontal lines.

One can clearly see that once the reversal is complete, there is a constant rate of change over most of the rest of the cycle such that the lines are straight between reversals.  The reversals appear to happen in a relatively small percentage of the overall cycle. If the planet arrangement was causing the reversal, there would have to be a lot of arrangements in a row that had no effect on axial tilt and then all of sudden, maybe three arrangements that caused the reversal and then back to the other long period of no influence.  Then further, the short-term arrangement would have to reverse in sign so as to make the effect opposite to stop the tilt in one direction and cause it to go back the other way.

The outer planets could account for why there is little change to axial tilt for maybe 17 cycles and then all of a sudden in the next 1-3 cycles there is the reversal.  A large planet like Jupiter could affect the comet on an outgoing path and the comet would go back to the minimal effect for a much longer period of time.

The planets and moons all have mostly gravity to work with and gravity is very faint from such large distances.  Gravity is an attractive force so it is not clear how it would shift to “pull one direction” and then “pull in the opposite direction” and in each case only a relatively short portion of the cycle.  The idea that planet positions cause the axial tilt reversals seems extremely unlikely. However, what organizes the planet positions, Comet 1680, is highly likely to cause the axial tilt changes.

This data was then entered into an Excel chart and various relationships plotted graphically. These values do not run randomly but are limited to about six different measurements. This may suggest that each total reversal cycle is 17-20 Comet 1680 double periods of 1151 years with an average of 18. Any four numbers taken two at a time creates six combinations (4x3)/(1x2). In the image below for the 9 cycles measured, there are only five individual cycles (green,red,blue,2 blanks).

The image below attempts to show at least one methodology how Comet 1680 could cause the earth axial tilt to cycle between 22.1 to 24.5 degrees so precisely. It was widely observed that the plane of Comet 1680 was at a 60-degree angle to the plane of the ecliptic. Paintings, news articles and scientific writing indicates Comet 1680 approached earth from above and exited past the bottom as showing below.  The semi-axis of Comet 1680 is in line with the sun-earth axis at the winter solstice shown in a vertical line.

No matter what the speed of Comet 1680 is at the earth’s location prior and past the solstice, there is pretty good probability that something like the scenario below is representative.  Since the earth is bulged due to rotation (exaggerated in the section view) it is possible for Comet 1680 to pull upward on the inbound and additively pull the opposite direction on the bottom of the earth.  This would make the reversal complete and further enhanced as Comet 1680 path moved back towards the other direction,

When Comet 1680 is in the inner dashed path it pulls the other side of the earth in the opposite direction making the reversal in the opposite direction.  There would be minimal influence for the cycles passing near the center of the earth since it would pull more equally on the bulge during the passing.

The incoming observation would be when the comet is as cold as it will ever be in its orbit and may not be emitting much light itself but it will have the sun shining on it and the tail, though the tail mostly behind it from earth. The artist rendition from David Talbott may be quite representative of a certain phase of the incoming.  Relative to the sun, the Comet 1680 would appear as a huge dark spot passing across the sun between earth and the sun. Even if the tail was also in the way, it may have been clear enough.

Surely mainstream science will discover the approaching Comet 1680 a few decades before its arrival in 2256 and be able to gradually map a more precise path after it has passed the larger planets such as Jupiter and beyond.

It will first appear to the naked eye as a very bright star and gradually grow in size to the size of the earth’s moon, though still far beyond the moon.  With time the growth in size will accelerate becoming several times the size of the moon and perhaps providing much lighter on earth than the moon.  It will indeed be very scary, particularly to those who don’t get informed.  This lack of information could be very dangerous to other societies. As the size approaches the appearance of the artist rendition above, the tail will begin to peek out from behind the head, making it appear more like a huge cloud.

Earth launched satellites, space stations and even moon colonies will begin to go off line and eventually perhaps sucked into the gravity of Comet 1680 before it even reaches a near earth trajectory. Warnings and important communications around the world will need to happen before interruptions occur. There is likely a huge magnetic field involved with Comet 1680.

While passing close to earth on the incoming portion of the cycle, the massive gravitational impact is certain to cause major earthquakes, volcanoes and localized ocean effects, though the passing will be so quick that many areas will not have time to react fully but tsunamis might be initiated that will take many hours to hit some places.

It will then take at least a month for the Comet 1680 in 2256 AD to make the trip to the sun and another month to get back.  The tail is thought to be millions of miles in length so the tail may take several days to pass earth.  The high-speed outflow from the sun of solar wind material will start to bend the tail away from earth and then completely disappear behind the sun as the comet rounds the backside of the sun from earth. It is likely the comet is spinning and so it will likely be heated up all around the head and much of the tail.

On the departure from the sun, the tail will begin to lead the head and may become visible on earth before the head gets to the earth area.  The solar wind material is traveling much faster than the comet and will bend the tail far faster than the head. 

The material in the tail and the comet head will be just as hot as it will ever be and certainly emitting its own radiation, perhaps near the sun’s temperature temporarily. The heating of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans may cause the formation of clouds and make viewing at least cloudy to some degree. This may reduce the initiation of wildfires and other heat effects normally predicted.

The gravitational effects on departure will be about the same as incoming and therefore crustal actions such as earthquakes and volcanoes will again be at a peak but in a different hemisphere on earth. By the time it is all over the earth population will be thoroughly traumatized and infrastructures totally disrupted in some areas, particularly near oceans.  In 2256 AD there is no reason all earth populations should not be fully informed well ahead of time.  Massive amounts of dried foods should have been prepared and underground temporary living facilities built where the major effect will be.  Major populations should have been moved to high elevations outside the closest predicted path. The effect of the two passes may last at least in part for years.

With the comet being so massive, there is not likely that much can be done about it in the way of deflection. Long before the comet makes the first incoming pass, science should have calculated which portions of earth will be affected the most and perhaps even which volcanoes will erupt and something about expected earthquakes.

The Comet 1680 more recent prior visits would be far colder on approach than on departure and likely not seen on approach or at least seen by large populations.  The earth population in 1105 AD and -46 BC was very centrally located along fairly narrow band widths of longitude covering places like Europe, Middle East, India and China.

The occurrence around -46 BC would have provided a very bright star as it departed perhaps for years after it appeared.  It would slow most rapidly while departing nearest the sun.  As it moved further out into space, the tail would be largely hidden behind the much brighter head and not easily seen by the naked eye before telescopes were developed.

The primary purpose of this paper is to forewarn the nations of earth that “going it alone” will not work and that major cooperation between nations will be required in order for mankind to survive in the most likely successful manner.

Of course, there will be those who will survive just fine on nuclear submarines and perhaps other sea vessels.  But their food supply will run out in months, not years. They will need prearranged orders to carry out after the comet departs.  Shooting each other should not be an option.

Update 3-25-2024

Did Somebody Before Me Know This?

The image below is from importing a Sacsayhuaman (Peru) Google Earth image into Autosketch and lines carefully drawn along certain features. With almost unimaginable precision, the axis is found in yellow. The angle 93.479051 can be converted to 121.6735, the first frequency in the hydrogen Lyman Series given in the NIST database as shown below:

          1 E 10/ (93.476051 x 440 x 2000) = 121.5673559 nm

This is interpreted to indicate with 440 cps frequency to convert years to degrees using the wavelength 121.56734. This then allows one to first go backward counterclockwise with dashed black lines to the solstice just before the year turned to 1681 in very late December 1680.

The dashed black line marked 1681 is drawn by adding 319 degrees (2000-1681) to get the 36.281 azimuth.  Subsequent occurrences of Comet 1680 are then 575.5 degrees counterclockwise and marked in black letters. The lines with negative leading sign are for BC dates. (Autosketch increases the azimuth as you go counterclockwise)

Then coming back to 1681 black dashed line and progressing clockwise to signal time into the future, blue dashed lines are shown for intervals of 575.5 starting with 2256.5 and progressing up through 2832, 3407.5 and 3983. Since there are only 360 degrees in a circle, if the degrees go negative, then one must add 360 degrees to make it compatible with Autosketch.

Except for 1681 which has a special feature, all the black and most blue lines graze past the edge of some feature in the two spaces between the outside of the first ring and inside of the third ring. Hitting on ten features makes it highly likely that this is an intended event and not an accident.

It is not likely that any intelligence would go to this much trouble to design a puzzle left for us to just figure out for fun.  There must be a very serious message being conveyed.

Note in the top portion, just left, a blue dashed line for 3407.5 and another dashed cyan line for -8102.5. It is argued by some who should know that    (-8102.5) is when Noah’s Flood and the floods in many other ancient books occurred. That is discussed on another blog referenced below. That blog also discusses what may be happening in 3407.5.

The floods were not really a rise in the level of the ocean, but a sinking of the small tectonic plate where Mt. Ararat is located.  The large plates of Africa and Asia were pulled up on the outer edge by Comet 1680, causing the inside ends to drag down the small plate. The movement of 3 miles in 4000 mile radius of earth is a very small change. Noah didn’t really save all the animals on earth, just those he needed to repopulate his own locality until unaffected animals and plants moved back naturally.

My apologies for the complexity of www.arkaim-geometry.blogspot.com but that is what it took to decipher that magnificent construction. It is fortunate that the Sacsayhuaman image is much easier to convey to the non-technical person. Incidentally, the folks who built Arkaim (in Russia) burned it under control so no squatters would come in and decimate it beyond recognition.  The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is a good example of people tearing out the beautiful smooth facing to make latrines in crappy Cairo. :-)

It is hoped this update will increase the enthusiasm to study Comet 1680.

Jim Branson

Retired Professional Engineering Manager

bransonjim9 at gmail dot com

 Update 5-26-2024

The new blog www.sacsayhuaman-speaks.blogspot.com demonstrates an update to the use of Google Earth measurements in a modeling mode instead of just single measurements.

Appendix

Maunder minimum

The reader must wonder after reading the section on Comet 1680 size how in the world did mainstream science keep from discovering the importance of Comet 1680 to earth environmental considerations.  One case is the Maunder Minimum, a period from 1645 to 1715, some seventy years and the Comet 1680 winter solstice appearance was right in the middle of it. The Maunder Minimum is often linked to the Little Ice Age of that era.

Unlike ordinary comets which were long thought to have tails of boiled off snow and likely not all that conductive under that scheme, Comet 1680 tail is largely ever-present and heavily ionic and very conductive for a gaseous state although likely some type of plasma. This scheme makes it very likely that the 30-90-million-mile visible tail acts like a huge lightning rod, shorting out magnetic and electric fields as soon as it gets into the regular solar system far enough to meet up with the solar magnetic field, perhaps the heliopause zone.

Sunspots are thought to be highly magnetically influenced.  The darkest inner portion is thought to be a perpendicular flow largely influenced by the solar magnetic field. The outer portion, less dark and structured is also heavily influenced by the solar magnetic field and perhaps electric fields yet to be fully understood. Many types of solar activities such as mass ejections of solar materials are thought to be seeded by sunspots.

One can see in the marked-up image below from Wikipedia that the blue section is quite regular on a near 11-year cycle showing short periods at very low sunspot occurrence. Whatever causes the sunspot activity to pick up went away during the approach and departure of Comet 1680.  It would appear to most people that something very large would be required to impact something as big as the sun in such an abrupt fashion and last for the specific time Comet 1680 was influencing the mid and inner solar system.

In the Wikipedia article on solar wind, one sees that it is only recently that major strides have been made in understanding the solar wind and its impact out to the edges of the sun’s reach commonly called the heliopause. While the CME (coronal mass ejections) have long been known to impact affairs on earth, the earth cross-sectional area compared to the sun’s radiation area is a very small percent.

It was long thought that because the space around the sun was considered a vacuum without significant particles that any acoustical occurrences in the sun could not be transmitted to earth.  However, more recently the discovery that there is a wide cross-section of charged particles in that space, and that sound can travel easily and at high speeds due to the electrostatic forces between particles and not depending on bumping in to each other as we experience sound in our atmosphere. Even as late as Apollo Astronauts on the moon, eerie sounds were heard on each visit.

High electrical conduction as we typically experience it on earth, generally say in copper or aluminum bus in a smelter, is made complicated by the differences between electromagnetic travel in solids versus say the near vacuum of space. The conducting speed is much greater than say the velocity of the free electrons but still far less that in a vacuum.

If we were to set up an experiment in space to check out the ability of space to conduct charges (whether positive or negative) it no doubt would be very slight, but still happening via the electrostatic forces. Our tendency in mainstream science is to easily categorize slight events as non-existent.  However, if we multiply a very small number by a super large number, then the event becomes significant.  The sheer volume of space is a very large number.

Birkeland currents are positive proof that a lot of phenomena develop around the planets due to the solar wind. And if there is a space vehicle anywhere in the solar system, the solar wind will have some effect on it.

We also have nearly no up close and personal experience with dark stars and what their tail might be made of or how much charged particles may exist but very likely a lot greater than the common solar wind. From the sunspot data in the 400-year image above, it appears that about the time Comet 1680 passes thru the Heliopause a major drop in sunspot activity occurs and was recorded in 1681 by Father Kino. As soon as the comet and its tail exit thru that region, the sunspot activity picks back up again. These simple observations may provide us insight into some of the dark star properties if proven true. For now, it is just one more glimpse into the influence Comet 1680 may have on solar system events.